IKEv1 is obsolete, please migrate to IKEv2

Using IPsec/L2TP is a common deployment. Note that it is a dated solution that should be avoided when possible. Specifically, there are issues with multiple Transport Mode IPsec connections and NAT. Additionally, L2TP clients tend to be PSK based using Aggressive Mode, which is also an unwise choice from a security perspective. There will be two extra layers of packet encapsulation, a PPP layer and an L2TP layer. This can cause MTU issues, so usually the L2TP/IPsec client uses an MTU of 1200 for the ppp device that is created.

L2TP/IPsec based server

If you place your L2TP/IPsec server behind NAT (such as on Amazon AWS) you will need to change Registry settings on Windows to allow it to connect to IPsec servers behind NAT

As this is the most widely (yet least secure) supported IPsec configuration, almost every enduser device that supports IPsec, supports this setup.

Supported clients:

• All Apple iphones, ipads
• Mac OSX
• Android
• Linux with commandline
• Microsoft Windows

The server has three components to configure: libreswan for IPsec, xl2tpd for L2TP and pppd for PPP.

IPsec server configuration

We are going to hand out IP address from the range 100.64.0.10/24 via PPP. So we need to exclude those addresses from being used by the remote endpoints as pre-NAT address. It is important to keep your address pool small and not a commonly used IP range like 10.0.0.0/24 to avoid collisions with pre-NAT IP addresses. We use something from the range 100.64.0.0/10 which is reserved for Carrier-grade NAT and should therefore never be visible on the internet, and unlike the traditional RFC-1918 address space is not commonly in use for local networks.

config setup
    # needed when using PSK only. Not needed for X.509 based servers
    uniqueids=no
    virtual-private=%v4:10.0.0.0/8,%v4:192.168.0.0/16,%v4:172.16.0.0/12,%v4:25.0.0.0/8,%v4:100.64.0.0/10,%v4:!100.64.0.0/24

conn ikev1
    authby=secret
    pfs=no
    auto=add
    rekey=no
    left=%defaultroute
    right=%any
    ikev2=never
    type=transport
    leftprotoport=17/1701
    rightprotoport=17/%any
    dpddelay=15
    dpdtimeout=30
    dpdaction=clear

conn ikev1-nat
    also=ikev1
    rightsubnet=vhost:%priv

And of course your PreSharedKey (PSK) in /etc/ipsec.secrets

: PSK "strongrandomstring"

L2TP server

For the L2TP server, we use xl2tpd.

/etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf

[global]
    listen-addr = YourPublicIP
    ipsec saref = no
    force userspace = no
    ; debug tunnel = yes

[lns default]
    ip range = 100.64.0.100-100.64.0.200
    local ip = 100.64.0.1
    require chap = yes
    refuse pap = yes
    require authentication = yes
    name = LinuxVPNserver
    ppp debug = yes
    pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd
    length bit = yes

Some xl2tpd versions are buggy when you leave out the ipsec saref setting even if you want it to be ‘no’. The force userspace option is required to allow the kernel to decapsulate L2TP data packets so only L2TP control packets make it to userland’s xl2tpd. This significantly increases performance.

The IP address from the pool is handed over to PPP.

PPP server configuration

This is done via the above pppoptfile, in our case /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd

ipcp-accept-local
ipcp-accept-remote
# use an internal server for DNS if you need to reach local-only zones or if
# you want DNS to be encrypted through the tunnel.
ms-dns  100.64.0.1
# ms-dns  8.8.8.8
# ms-dns
noccp
auth
crtscts
idle 1800
# when having MTU issues, can be decreased to about 1200
mtu 1410
mru 1410
nodefaultroute
debug
lock
proxyarp
connect-delay 5000

In this case, we are using a simple ppp configuration with usernames and passwords specified in /etc/ppp/chap-secrets. You can hand out static IPs (that should not be taken from the pool!) or hand them out from the L2TP pool.

# /etc/ppp/chap-secrets
# Secrets for authentication using CHAP
# client    server     secret          IP addresses
user1       *          "password1"     10.10.64.2
user2       *          "password2"     10.10.64.3
user10      *          "secret10"      *
user11      *          "geheim"        *
#

If you want to use a radius plugin instead, change /etc/ppp/options.xl2tpd to include:

require-pap
plugin radius.so
plugin radattr.so
radius-config-file /etc/radiusclient-ng/radiusclient.conf

L2TP/IPsec client configuration

Configuring most clients such as mobile phones is pretty simple. The information you need to configure on the client is:

- The remote server DNS name or IP address - The L2TP username and password - The PreSharedKey, sometimes called “Secret”

The ipsec.secrets would be the same as the server secrets file. The ipsec.conf entry would be almost identical:

config setup
    # needed when using PSK only. Not needed for X.509 based servers

conn ikev1
    authby=secret
    pfs=no
    auto=add
    rekey=no
    left=%defaultroute
        # DNS name or IP of the VPN server you want to connect to
    right=YourVPNServerIP
    type=transport
    leftprotoport=17/1701
    rightprotoport=17/1701
    dpddelay=30
    dpdtimeout=70
    dpdaction=clear

Your /etc/xl2tpd/xl2tpd.conf file would be:

[global]
   ; no need for listen-addr

[lac server]
    ; DNS name or VPN server IP
    lns = YourVPNServerIP
    ppp debug = yes
    pppoptfile = /etc/ppp/options.server

And your /etc/ppp/options.server would contain:

ipcp-accept-local
ipcp-accept-remote
refuse-eap
require-mschap-v2
noccp
noauth
idle 1800
mtu 1200
mru 1200
defaultroute
noipdefault
usepeerdns
debug
lock
connect-delay 5000
name YourName
password YourPassword